Comparison of Specific Heat Capacity of Different Metals

Comparison of Specific Heat Capacity of Different Metals Samerah Mansha Aim The aim of this investigation was to measure the specific heat capacity (SHC) of various different metals such as aluminum, iron and brass of different volumes to find out if they all have the same SHC or different. Additionally, insulation was used to measure how efficient insulation was against heat loss. Hypothesis Previous research in background information states that there should be a difference between the SHC of aluminum, brass and iron. Null Hypothesis There will be no difference between the SHC of aluminum, iron and brass. Prediction The SHC of aluminum will be higher than iron and copper, this is because the volume the less dense the meta lis, thus the higher the SHC because the metals contains big atoms which slowly heat up thus more energy is needed to make the molecules get hot and move around. Insulation will also make a difference by conserving the heat energy, which will give more accurate results as more heat will most likely be conserved and not lost. Background information: Thermal energy is the amount of energy of a substance or system which is associated to its temperature. Heatandtemperatureare both related with thermal energy but differ. Heat is the transmission of thermal energy from one object to another due to temperature differences between them.Heat is the total energy of all the molecule motion within the object and is measure in joules. Whereas temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of an object, i.e.how hot or cold,therefore it’s a measure of average thermal energy of molecules within substance and measured in degrees Celsius. Temperature can be measured via the Celsius and Kelvin scales. The Celsius scale is built upon two fixed points, the freezing mark at 0 °C and boiling point at 100 °C, whereas Kelvin scale is based on absolute zero at -273 where particles have minimum energy. The Celsius scale has degrees the same size as Kelvin,but Kelvin scale starts 273 lower than Celsius absolute zero scale, for example 0  °C is 273 degrees. When heat energy is transferred to an object, its temperature increase is dependent upon, the mass of object, the material the object is made from and lastly the amount of energy transferred to object. The more heat energy transferred to object results in a more temperature increase. The SHC of a substance is known as the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of substance by 1 °C. Different substances have different SHC e.g. water, oxygen and metals. Water has a high SHC of 4200 j/kg °C, School Physics, 2013. This therefore makes water suitable for storing heat energy which is efficiently useful for transporting it around home via heating pipes. Metals are good conductors of heat, yet non-metals are usually poor conductors of heat which are called insulators. Heat energy is simply conducted from hot end of object towards the cold end and the electrons within metal leave their atoms therefore move around within the metal as free electrons. The metal atoms which are left behind are known as charged metal ions.These ions are placed carefully together whilst vibrating constantly.The hotter the metal becomes, it results in the the vibrations gaining more kinetic energy. As a result, this kinetic energy gets transferred from hot parts of metal towards cooler parts via free electrons.These free electrons then move throughout the metal, each colliding with many ions transferring heat energy as they go along. Metals with a high SHC take a lot of heat energy and take a long time to heat up and cool down. Heat can be transferred via conduction, convection and radiation.Conduction is thermal energy transfer which occurs in solids that are in contact with each other, causing particles to gain energy and vibrate, passing on heat energy to nearby particles, resulting in rise of temperature at other side. Convection is another type of thermal energy transfer which occurs in liquids and gases where particles freely move. Particles with kinetic energy move from hotter regions to cooler regions, transferring thermal energy. Radiation is known as heat transfer that doesn’t need contact between heat source and heated object,due to heat having the potential to be transmitted via empty space by thermal radiation. Heat can also be stored in the form of insulation. Insulation prevents or reduces heat from escaping an object by providing a barrier between areas that are significantly different in temperature. Materials 12v immersion heater of 50w power Block of aluminum, iron and brass with a hole in the middle Wires 6V power Supply Ammeter Stop Clock Top Pan Balance Thermometers Insulation Stop watch Ruler Insulating material Method: Firstly all the metal blocks were weighed via a top pan balance The metal blocks were then measured via a ruler for their length and diameter. The thermometer was put into each of small whole in the metal blocks so that the initial temperature could be measured. Figures1: Measuring the initial temperature of the metal blocks. The immersion heater was connected up to a 6V voltmeter and ammeter via wires. The 6v power supply and was switched on until the immersion heater was warm. The immersion heater was put into the large hole in the metal blocks and the stop clock was started. After 10 minute the power supply was switched off and the temperature of the block was measured and recorded. This method and chosen measurements were chosen as previous research using a similar method gained successful results via this method; therefore to improve reliability a similar method was used. As heat was lost during the practical, a modification was made order to prevent heat loss, which involved the same experiment to be repeated in the same way but this time the metals were surrounded with insulation material to reduce the amount of heat loss and would result in more reliable results. Figures: Aluminum, brass and iron wrapped up in insulating material. Safety The immersion heaters were checked before use; any that were faulty were rejected and replaced. Heat resistant gloves were worn when handling the immersion heater and the heated up metals to preventing any burns. The wires were also checked thoroughly to see any defaults. Additionally, the power supply was made sure it was turned off when not in use to prevent any electrocution. Results Table: 1 Measurements of the metals Table: 2 Results of the non-insulated metals. Due to heat being lost to the environment, an insulating material was wrapped around the blocks Table: 3 Results of the insulated metals. Analysis Equation for SHC = E = m Ãâ€" c Ãâ€" ÃŽ ¸ Heat energy (E) = Mass kg (m) x SHC J/g °C (C) x Temperature change °C (ÃŽ ¸) Table:4 SHC calculations of the non-insulating metals Table:4 SHC calculations of SHC of insulating metals showing more accurate results which will be used throughout the discussion and conclusion. Graph:1 Graph showing the comparison of SHC results of metals with and without insulation. Observations The results of the insulated aluminum showed the highest SHC, as aluminum takes 0.121J of heat to raise 1 gram by 1 °C.With the least SHC being the insulated iron needed 0.055J of heat to raise 1 gram of the given metal by1 °C. The results showed that insulated metals showed an overall increase of SHC of the metals, thus more accurate as more heat is conserved and is not much heat would be lost to the environment. The metals without the insulation showed a lower SHC due to heat being lost to the environment, thus are less accurate. Discussion Research states that the accepted value for SHC of aluminum is 0.903J/g °C,therefore it would seem that my result of 0.121J/g °C is not accurate, when errors are taken into account. The accepted value for SHC of brass is 0.380/g °C and the result achieved within the experiment was 0.055/g °C which was again quiet far off. The accepted value for the SHC of iron is 0.44/g °C and the result achieved from the experiment was 0.051/g °C. Graph:3 Comparison of results of SHC from this experiment and actual published SHC. The published values of SHC show that iron has a higher SHC than brass, but within my experiment brass has a slightly higher SHC value than iron. Overall the results achieved from this experiment are quiet significantly lower than the actual SHC values for the given metals. This therefore shows that even with insulation a lot of heat was still lost from the metals. Conclusion Regardless of the SHC results not being as accurate as the published results, the hypotheses and prediction was proven correct and were fully supported by the evidence of the results achieved within this experiment, as each metal had a different SHC value thus showing variation. This is due to the metals having different volumes. It was also predicted that aluminum would have a higher SHC than iron and brass, which was proven correct as aluminum had a larger volume thus less dense so it would need an higher SHC because more energy is needed to heat up SHC is therefore affected by the volume of a metal, as the atoms and molecules found within the metal are packed differently thus heat up at different rates, Evaluation As the SHC results achieved were not as accurate to the published SHC values, this may due to limitations which may have been present within the experiment such as the first being the accuracy of the measuring thermometers which only allowed one to measure in whole degrees and has an a error of 0.05 °C. To overcome this limitation a digital thermometer which is more exact could have been used to achieve more accurate readings. It was also quiet difficult to keep the current constant which would have affected the SHC as different flow of current allows a different flow of electrons to transfer to flow of heat energy, thus a resistor could have been used to control it. Another limitation could have been because it was difficult to get all the results at the same time, i.e. the temperature and current at correct time, using a scientific computer to measure the variables would remove any human errors with reaction times when measuring time and this would achieve temperate reading within few milliseconds. The results showed that even no insulation on metals heat was still lost thus couldn’t achieve an accurate SHC values. Regardless of having insulation heat was still lost which could have been the reason for the inaccuracy. Additionally another limitation could have been that the insulating material used was all different for each metal, thus showing that different. This effects the results as different insulation materials have different properties, thus reducing reliability as not all materials could have been useful in conserving heat energy. On the other hand, the use of electrical balance to measure the masses of the metals within experiment avoided any uncertainties and errors related to the mass value, thus increasing reliability of data to some extent. Overall to improve reliability the experiment could have been repeated four times to obtain average SHC results leading to more accurate results, thus helping to reduce random errors. References Appendix 1

Ford Case Study Essay

Executive Summary Ford is one of the leading companies in the auto industry. The director of Supply Chain Systems at Ford was put in a tough position to make recommendations with regards to the company’s supply chain strategy. There are two groups within Ford that have two different opinions on how Ford should be using emerging information technologies and ideas from high tech industries, such as Dell, to change the way it interacts with suppliers. The first group argued that Ford should adopt Dell’s business model to improve efficiency and increase profits. This group emphasizes that Ford’s virtual integration should be the blueprint for what ford should attempt. On the other end, the second group believes that Ford and Dell operate in two different industries and it is not feasible to adopt Dell’s business model. This case study will demonstrate the toot causes of the problem and will present the reason why Ford should pursue with the mixed approach. Some of the solutions in the mixed approach are based on Dell’s business model, while the rest are not. These solutions are costly and time consuming, but Ford will eventually harvest the benefits of this approach. Issue Identification Teri Takai, Director of Supply Chain Systems, is about to make critical recommendations to senior executives on Ford’s usage of emerging information technologies and ideas from high tech industries to alter the methods Ford interacted with suppliers. There are two different views on this matter. The first view, which is in favor of virtual integration, argues that technology became a major player in supply chain, and Ford needs to redesign its supply chain by adopting new technologies to prosper. Supporters of this view used Dell as an example of virtual integration. Dell utilized new technologies to cut down working capital and risk of inventory obsolescence. The other view was more conservative. Supporters of this view argued that the auto industry is much different the computer industry with regards to layers of suppliers, complexity of parts, and history. Ford supplier network is massive and has many layers and a lot of companies. The growth of Ford resulted in growing the supply base to reach several thousands of suppliers in the 1980s. Even though Ford started reducing its supply base in the 1990s, there were still too many suppliers. In comparison to Dell, Ford needed thousands of parts to manufacture a vehicle, whereas Dell need few hundreds to manufacture a computer. This shows how complicated Ford’s supply chain versus Dell’s. Ford also has to controls the supply chain for its dealerships that are spread around the globe. The longer the supply chain is, the more problems would arise. For Dell, the supply chain is shorter and customers buy directly from Dell without going through dealerships or retail stores. Ford has no direct feedback from customers due to the fact that many of the dealerships were independent and not owned by Ford. Many Ford dealers were competing against each other’s instead of the real competition. For Dell, the situation was vice versa, Dell dealt and interacted directly with customers with no dealership involvement. While Ford’s first tier supplie r has moderately developed IT infrastructure, they cannot afford to invest in new technologies to keep up with Ford’s pace. The lower tiers of suppliers have very weak IT infrastructure and technological advancements, which would limit Ford’s supply chain and increase lead time and cost. In Dell processes, demand forecasting is important, where changes are shared with suppliers instantly. This is not the case for Ford. Before the Order to Delivery project, Ford never involved dealers in the forecasting process. Environmental & Root Cause Analysis: With returns of $144 billion, and 370,000 employees in 200 countries, Ford became the second largest industrial corporation worldwide. Ford’s main business is design and manufacturing of automobiles. Since 1903, Ford had produced more than 260 vehicles. The auto industry has been growing, at the same time some of the international automakers entered the US market and are competing fiercely with the US automakers: Ford, GM & Chrysler. With this tight competition, Ford and many automakers felt the need to move industry consolidation to reduce cost and improve quality. In 1998, Ford had profits $6.9 billion, and 3.9% return on sale. Ford has a huge supply based which was picked primarily based on cost. A lot of these suppliers lacked the IT infrastructure. Although Ford has good relationships with some of its suppliers, they aren’t treated as a part of Ford. On the other side, Dell’s suppliers have a very developed IT infrastructure and they are treated as part of Dell, and they acted like one. Ford’s suppliers are unique with nature and complexity. For Dell, suppliers own inventory until it is used in production, whereas the situation is opposite for Ford. This affects Ford’s cash flow and turnover rate and puts a lot of pressure on Ford’s production facilities. It also makes Ford hold the risk of holding sizable inventories to produce end products. Ford is lacking on demand forecasting, changes are not shared with the supply base immediately. Dell utilizes new technologies to share changes with its suppliers. Ford’s organizational structure is another challenge, where Ford’s purchasing is independent of product development, even engineers cannot discuss pricing with suppliers. At Dell, the purchasing function works collaboratively with the product development team. With all these challenges in the US market, Ford initiated a restructuring plan called Ford 2000. This plan was aimed to reduce costs by reengineering and globalizing organizations and techniques. Ford introduced the Order to Delivery (OTD) where it aimed to reduce the cycle time from 60 days to 15 days. Ford also created the Ford Production System (FPS) which is similar to the Toyota Production System, and it was intended to streamline Ford’s operations and make it more productive. Another initiative Ford took was the Ford Retail Network (FRN), and the goal was to deliver a high level of customer service and maintain customer satisfaction. Alternatives & Options Ford has some options with regards to using emerging information technologies and ideas from high-tech industries to change the way it interacts with suppliers. The first Alternatives to adopt Dell’s business model of virtual integration, where Ford would share information and systems with its supply base to coordinate inventory and streamline production. Ford would promote online customer shopping experience to receive orders and feedbacks and integrate them into Ford systems and its suppliers. This option has some advantages and disadvantages. It would improve the relationship between Ford and its suppliers, where information are communicated instantly between both of them. It would help in forecasting demand based on the information received and shared. It would also connects Ford directly to its suppliers and customers. This virtual integration would help Ford reduce its cycle time and costs dramatically, which would be reflected on the end products prices. The major disadvantage of this option is the high cost and lengthy process to execute it. It does not involve Ford only, but its suppliers as well. Ford and Dell operates in two different industries, and each industry has its own features. There is a big chance that virtual integration might not work as well as it does in the auto industry due to the complexity of manufacturing process, consumer behaviour, and history. The second alternative is to maintain the status quo and wait for the new Ford 2000 plan to start giving results. This recent initiative proposed solutions for a lot of Ford problems including suppliers and usage of new technologies. The advantages of this alternative are that Ford has already in the middle of executing the Ford 2000, and it should be long enough until the results are revealed. It is a comprehensive plan where there was an initiative for almost every aspect of the supply chain. The main disadvantage of this alternative is that it overlooks the instant communication between Ford and its suppliers. The third alternative is the mixed approach. Ford would adopt some of Dell’s business Model, at the same time introduce other changes. Ford would pick the feasible and applicable operations of virtual integration that best fit the automobile industry. On the other side Ford would narrow down its supply base and increase tier 1 suppliers. Ford would encourage and coordinate with suppliers of sub-system components. This alternative would allow Ford to tailor the best practices for its needs, but it would be costly, time consuming, and changes would affect different parties of the supply chain. Recommendations & Implementation Ford and Dell operate in two different industries that have different characteristics. Ford cannot copy Dell’s business model and expect positive results, but Ford can benefit from Dell’s experience. Based on the analysis of the above information and the study of this case, I would recommend to proceed with the third alternative. Ford has the organizational infrastructure to adopt and execute this alternative. Ford has a very well developed IT system and the resources to move on with these changes. Ford would update its IT system to share information with its supply base including tier 2 and tier 3 suppliers, where supplier would have access to Ford’s central data. Ford might have to team up with some of these supplier to develop their IT systems to ease the transformation and synchronization of information. Ford would reduce its supply base as much as it could, by short-listing suppliers and encouraging sub-systems suppliers through incentives. Ford would re-discuss terms with its suppliers to pay for inventory only when parts are used in production. Ford would adopt new technologies to share real-time information with all its supply chain members. Ford cannot skip dealerships before reaching end users, but can use dealership as a demand forecast channel and to deliver high customer service. These changes would ensure the smooth flow production and eliminate bottlenecks , which would in turn increase efficiencies and revenues and reduce lead times. Monitor & Control Ford must monitor that actions that it would take to measure the success of changes. Ford would have to assign a team of IT specialists to monitor the transition of suppliers IT systems and to help with any challenges. Ford would monitor lead times for customer orders regularly to see if lead times are improving and to check for bottlenecks. Ford to create an interactive website to answer and address customers concerns and suggestions. Form to create a committee of different supply chain members to lead these changes and direct them. This committee would meet semi-annually to discuss the changes and to address any problems or concerns. Conclusion Ford is one of the biggest car companies in the world. To overcome the challenges and to enjoy continuous success , Ford must adopt the above recommendations. The process is costly and time consuming, but it would pay off on the long run.

What You Should Do to Find Out About 20 Essay Topics Before Youre Left Behind

What You Should Do to Find Out About 20 Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential point to do is to select a topic and an argument you can really get behind. A superb topic will ensure it is simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, clearly, the whole investigation of the problem you speak about. To write this kind of assignment, you do not just have to have knowledge in a specific area but also be in a position to show that your point of view is accurate. The aim of such essays isn't to demonstrate your knowledge, yet to exhibit the crucial thinking and analytical skills. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. You are able to restate your argument, which is quite a common practice amongst essayists. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make certain to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. Moreover, you are able to also discuss positive or negative advantages of some particular law. Besides general knowledge you have concerning the subject, you won't mind dedicating some opportunity to research, writing procedure, and other facets essential for the high-quality essay. The 5-Minute Rule for 20 Essay Topics Look at the world today, search on the internet and appear at news articles too there's inspiration everywhere. Preferably, it needs to be something which you're an expert in. One of the greatest methods to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in c ase you don't know a great deal about it. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. It is essential to choose a great topic as a way to compose a fantastic paper. If you believe you need assistance with your written assignments it is preferable to request skilled help from online writing service. If you're struggling, you always have the option to acquire help by employing an essay writing service such as ours. If you're authentic, nobody can write the exact same essay as you! Creating a topic by yourself is quite mind-torturing. It's not sufficient to select a topic which everybody agrees on. Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Deciding on an emotional topic is also a great idea. It's possible to opt for an intriguing topic from any area of science. Thus, for your coursework, you are going to want to have the very best ideas. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Typically, the teachers or professors assign the topics by themselves. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will enable you to select your own. Your professor or client reads lots of essays and a great majority are written by men and women who like to play it safe. The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. If so, Harvard format is the thing to do. You don't wish to lose grades as a result of incorrect essay format. Well, grading papers can be rather dull. When students are writing their argumentative essays that need to find, read and analyze tons of material to do good. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. Since you may see, there's a plethora of different argumentative paper titles it is possible to utilize. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. Although you may know what format, style guide, and whether the essay ought to be double spaced, you might be confused on what actually produces a fantastic essay topic.

Miss Evers Boys Ethical Dilemma - 1576 Words

Miss Evers’ Boys Ethical Dilemma Ethical dilemmas are challenges every nurse will face at some point in their career. Miss Ever faced an ethical dilemma during the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. The Public Health Service (PHS) decided in 1932 to conduct a study in Macon County, Alabama to examine the sequences of untreated syphilis in African-American males. Syphilis was not treated till after 1943 when penicillin became available as a safe and effective treatment. During this study Miss Evers was put in a difficult situation where she needed to make difficult decisions that would affect her ethical integrity. Miss Evers did what she did because she thought was right thing to do as a nurse. As a professional being put in any ethical dilemma is a hard choice and it is easier to sit here and say I would not have done that. Being in Miss Evers position personally I am not sure if I would have done the same or not. 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